In [1]:
4 + 4.5 + 0.375
Out[1]:
8.875
In [2]:
1500 * 0.08875
Out[2]:
133.125
In [4]:
995.50 * 0.08875
Out[4]:
88.350625
In [5]:
def tax(subtotal):
    return subtotal * 0.08875
In [6]:
tax(1500)
Out[6]:
133.125
In [7]:
1500 * 0.08875
Out[7]:
133.125
In [8]:
200 + 1500 + tax(1500)
Out[8]:
1833.125
In [9]:
sum = 1500
sum = sum + sum * 0.08875
In [10]:
sum
Out[10]:
1633.125
In [12]:
def set_a():
    a = 10
    print('The value of a:', a)
In [13]:
# a has been set to 10
In [14]:
set_a()

The value of a: 10
In [15]:
a = 20
print('Initially, the value of a:', a) # outer universe
set_a()
print('Finally, the value of a:', a) # outer universe

Initially, the value of a: 20
The value of a: 10
Finally, the value of a: 20
In [16]:
def scoped(first, second):
    third = second + second - first
    return third
first = 10 # outer universe
second = 11 # outer universe
third = 12 # outer universe
scoped(2, 4)
Out[16]:
6
In [17]:
first
Out[17]:
10
In [18]:
second
Out[18]:
11
In [19]:
third
Out[19]:
12
In [21]:
def scoped(la, lala):
    lalala = lala + lala - la
    return lalala
first = 10 # outer universe
second = 11 # outer universe
third = 12 # outer universe
scoped(2, 4)
Out[21]:
6
In [22]:
l = [7, 4, 2, 6]
In [23]:
for num in l:
    print(num)

7
4
2
6
In [24]:
for num in l:
    print(num * 2)

14
8
4
12
In [25]:
def mean(sequence):
    for element in sequence:
        total = total + element
    return total / len(sequence)
In [27]:
def mean(sequence):
    total = 0
    for element in sequence:
        total = total + element
    return total / len(sequence)
In [28]:
mean([2, 6])
Out[28]:
4.0
In [29]:
mean([2, 2, 2, 6, 6, 6])
Out[29]:
4.0
In [45]:
x = 5
In [46]:
type(x)
Out[46]:
int
In [47]:
type(5)
Out[47]:
int
In [48]:
type('hello world')
Out[48]:
str
In [49]:
x = 'hello world'
In [50]:
type(x)
Out[50]:
str
In [51]:
type([1, 2, 3])
Out[51]:
list
In [52]:
'hello' + 'world'
Out[52]:
'helloworld'
In [53]:
'knock' + 'knock'
Out[53]:
'knockknock'
In [54]:
a = 'hello'
In [55]:
b = 'world'
In [56]:
a + b
Out[56]:
'helloworld'
In [57]:
len('hello world')
Out[57]:
11
In [58]:
len([1, 2, 3])
Out[58]:
3
In [59]:
len(['hello', 'world'])
Out[59]:
2
In [60]:
len(5)

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/4108502181.py in <module>
----> 1 len(5)

TypeError: object of type 'int' has no len()
In [61]:
len(str(5))
Out[61]:
1
In [62]:
2 + 'hello'

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/2556979404.py in <module>
----> 1 2 + 'hello'

TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str'
In [63]:
str(2) + 'hello'
Out[63]:
'2hello'
In [64]:
volume = [4.0, 2.0, 3.0, 5.5]
result = []
for element in volume:
    result = result + [element * 2]
result
Out[64]:
[8.0, 4.0, 6.0, 11.0]
In [65]:
result = []
In [66]:
result
Out[66]:
[]
In [67]:
result = result + [4.0]
In [68]:
result
Out[68]:
[4.0]
In [70]:
result = result + [2.0]
result
Out[70]:
[4.0, 2.0]
In [71]:
result = result + [3.0]
result
Out[71]:
[4.0, 2.0, 3.0]
In [72]:
result = []
result = result + 4.0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/440397681.py in <module>
      1 result = []
----> 2 result = result + 4.0

TypeError: can only concatenate list (not "float") to list
In [78]:
words = ['hello', 'world']
result = []
for element in words:
    result = result + [element * 2]
result
Out[78]:
['hellohello', 'worldworld']
In [87]:
countdown = [3, 2, 1, 'go']
result = []
for element in countdown:
    result = result + [element * 2]
result
Out[87]:
[6, 4, 2, 'gogo']
In [99]:
def double(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element * 2]
    return result
In [97]:
double([3, 2, 1, 'go'])
Out[97]:
[6, 4, 2, 'gogo']
In [100]:
double('why')
Out[100]:
['ww', 'hh', 'yy']
In [103]:
def triple(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element * 3]
    return result
In [104]:
triple([3, 1, 'go'])
Out[104]:
[9, 3, 'gogogo']
In [105]:
x = 5
In [106]:
type(x)
Out[106]:
int
In [107]:
print(x)

5
In [108]:
y = 'hello'
In [109]:
type(y)
Out[109]:
str
In [110]:
print(y)

hello
In [113]:
triple(y)
Out[113]:
['hhh', 'eee', 'lll', 'lll', 'ooo']
In [114]:
x + x
Out[114]:
10
In [115]:
y + y
Out[115]:
'hellohello'
In [116]:
len(y) # y=hello hat die Länge 5
Out[116]:
5
In [121]:
len(y + y)
Out[121]:
10
In [126]:
len(y + y + y) + 75
Out[126]:
90
In [127]:
len(str(x) + y) # x=5 hat die Länge 1, y=hello hat die Länge 5
Out[127]:
6
In [129]:
str(x) + y # coverts x=5 which is an int into a string!
Out[129]:
'5hello'
In [130]:
triple(str(x) + y)
Out[130]:
['555', 'hhh', 'eee', 'lll', 'lll', 'ooo']
In [132]:
triple(str('5hello'))
Out[132]:
['555', 'hhh', 'eee', 'lll', 'lll', 'ooo']
In [133]:
triple('5hello')
Out[133]:
['555', 'hhh', 'eee', 'lll', 'lll', 'ooo']
In [134]:
triple('hello')
Out[134]:
['hhh', 'eee', 'lll', 'lll', 'ooo']
In [135]:
triple(['hello'])
Out[135]:
['hellohellohello']
In [136]:
triple([str(x) + y])
Out[136]:
['5hello5hello5hello']
In [139]:
triple([123])
Out[139]:
[369]
In [140]:
triple([1, 2, 3])
Out[140]:
[3, 6, 9]
In [141]:
words = ['hello', 'world']
In [142]:
triple(words)
Out[142]:
['hellohellohello', 'worldworldworld']
In [147]:
test = ['hello world ']
In [148]:
triple(test)
Out[148]:
['hello world hello world hello world ']
In [149]:
double(test)
Out[149]:
['hello world hello world ']
In [153]:
triple([str(x) + y] + test)
Out[153]:
['5hello5hello5hello', 'hello world hello world hello world ']
In [154]:
countdown = [1, 2, 3, 'gooo']
In [155]:
triple(countdown)
Out[155]:
[3, 6, 9, 'gooogooogooo']
In [160]:
double('siesta') # 'siesta' as a list
Out[160]:
['ss', 'ii', 'ee', 'ss', 'tt', 'aa']
In [162]:
double([str('siesta')]) # 'siesta' as a string
Out[162]:
['siestasiesta']
In [163]:
double('123siesta')
Out[163]:
['11', '22', '33', 'ss', 'ii', 'ee', 'ss', 'tt', 'aa']
In [164]:
double([str('123siesta')])
Out[164]:
['123siesta123siesta']
In [165]:
2 + 2 == 4
Out[165]:
True
In [166]:
2 + 1 == 4
Out[166]:
False
In [167]:
2 + 2
Out[167]:
4
In [168]:
2 + 2 == 2 + 1
Out[168]:
False
In [169]:
greeting = 'hello'
In [170]:
greeting == 'hello'
Out[170]:
True
In [171]:
greeting == 'hi'
Out[171]:
False
In [179]:
Jian = 32
In [180]:
Jian == 18
Out[180]:
False
In [182]:
Jian == 32
Out[182]:
True
In [188]:
Laura = [28, 'sad']
In [190]:
Laura == [28, 'sad']
Out[190]:
True
In [191]:
Laura == [28]
Out[191]:
False
In [193]:
def secret(word):
    if word == 'please':
        return 'Yes!'
In [196]:
secret('hello')
In [198]:
secret('world')
In [199]:
secret('please')
Out[199]:
'Yes!'
In [200]:
secret('PLEASE')
In [202]:
def yesnomaybe(word):
    if word == 'yes':
        return True
    if word == 'no':
        return False
    if word == 'maybe':
        return 'WHY?'
In [203]:
yesnomaybe('haha')
In [204]:
yesnomaybe('no')
Out[204]:
False
In [205]:
yesnomaybe('maybe')
Out[205]:
'WHY?'
In [208]:
def yes(word):
    if word == 'yes':
        return True
    if word == 'YES':
        return True
    if word == 'Yes':
        return True
    else:
        return 'What did you say?'
In [212]:
yes('yes')
Out[212]:
True
In [213]:
yes('YES')
Out[213]:
True
In [214]:
yes('no')
Out[214]:
'What did you say?'
In [215]:
def farewell(word):
    return(word == 'bye')
In [216]:
farewell('bye')
Out[216]:
True
In [217]:
farewell('ciao')
Out[217]:
False
In [218]:
7/0

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ZeroDivisionError                         Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/2063981331.py in <module>
----> 1 7/0

ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
In [219]:
# EXERCISE 6-1: Half of each
In [228]:
def half(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element / 2]
    return result
In [229]:
half([8])
Out[229]:
[4.0]
In [230]:
half([7.5])
Out[230]:
[3.75]
In [231]:
half([0])
Out[231]:
[0.0]
In [232]:
def otherhalf(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element * 0.5]
    return result
In [234]:
otherhalf([8])
Out[234]:
[4.0]
In [235]:
# EXERCISE 6-2: Exclamation
In [238]:
def exclamation(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element + '!']
    return result
In [239]:
exclamation(['hello'])
Out[239]:
['hello!']
In [240]:
exclamation(['hello', 'world'])
Out[240]:
['hello!', 'world!']
In [241]:
exclamation(['hello world'])
Out[241]:
['hello world!']
In [246]:
exclamation([str(1), str(1.2), 'go'])
Out[246]:
['1!', '1.2!', 'go!']
In [256]:
# EXERCISE 6-3: Emptiness
In [259]:
def has_no_elements(sequence):
    if sequence == []:
        return True
    else:
        return False
In [262]:
has_no_elements([])
Out[262]:
True
In [263]:
has_no_elements([1])
Out[263]:
False
In [266]:
has_no_elements(['Love'])
Out[266]:
False
In [268]:
has_no_elements([1, 2])
Out[268]:
False
In [269]:
has_no_elements([1, 2, 'Love'])
Out[269]:
False
In [270]:
# EXERCISE 6-4: Sum Three
In [290]:
def sum_three(la, lala, lalala):
    ergebnis = la + lala + lalala
    return ergebnis
In [291]:
sum_three(1, 2, 3)
Out[291]:
6
In [292]:
sum_three(1, 1, 8)
Out[292]:
10
In [293]:
# EXERCISE 6-5: Ten Times Each
In [300]:
def ten_times_each(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = result + [element + element * 10]
    return result
In [301]:
ten_times_each([1, 2, 3])
Out[301]:
[11, 22, 33]
In [302]:
# EXERCISE 6-6: Positive Numbers
In [332]:
def positive(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = [element + element + element]
    return result
In [333]:
positive([2, 2, 2, 2])
Out[333]:
[6]
In [481]:
def positive(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = len(sequence)
    return result
In [482]:
positive([2, 2, -2])
Out[482]:
3
In [474]:
def positive(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        result = len(sequence)
    if element in sequence > 1:
        return result
In [475]:
positive([11, 2])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/487135158.py in <module>
----> 1 positive([11, 2])

/tmp/ipykernel_3047/3864728334.py in positive(sequence)
      3     for element in sequence:
      4         result = len(sequence)
----> 5     if element in sequence > 1:
      6         return result

TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'list' and 'int'
In [476]:
def positive(sequence):
    result = []
    if element in sequence > 1:
        result = [len(sequence)]
        return result
In [477]:
positive([1, 1, 2])
In [507]:
def positive(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        if element > 0:
            result = result + [element * 1]
    return len(result)
In [510]:
positive([1, 1, -2, 1.4, -765, 1, 1])
Out[510]:
5
In [620]:
def pluses(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
        if element > 0:
            result = result + [element * 1]
    return sum(result)
In [621]:
pluses([1, 1, 1, -3])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/1972571192.py in <module>
----> 1 pluses([1, 1, 1, -3])

/tmp/ipykernel_3047/1338065240.py in pluses(sequence)
      4         if element > 0:
      5             result = result + [element * 1]
----> 6     return sum(result)

TypeError: 'float' object is not callable
In [660]:
def pluses(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
            result = result + [sum(element * 1)]
    return result
In [662]:
pluses([1, 1, 1, 3])

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/890866258.py in <module>
----> 1 pluses([1, 1, 1, 3])

/tmp/ipykernel_3047/3085567896.py in pluses(sequence)
      2     result = []
      3     for element in sequence:
----> 4             result = result + [sum(element * 1)]
      5     return result

TypeError: 'float' object is not callable
In [663]:
def pluses(sequence):
    result = []
    for element in sequence:
            result = result + [element * 1]
    return sum(result)
In [664]:
pluses([1, 1, 1, 3]) # no idea

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
/tmp/ipykernel_3047/890866258.py in <module>
----> 1 pluses([1, 1, 1, 3])

/tmp/ipykernel_3047/43242412.py in pluses(sequence)
      3     for element in sequence:
      4             result = result + [element * 1]
----> 5     return sum(result)

TypeError: 'float' object is not callable
In [ ]: