Notes on Method: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 13:11, 2 January 2024

METHODOLOGY

The Fabulous Loop de Loop examines a discourse of cybernetics as it developed over a century. On reading these various texts, and sticking as closely as possible to the context which produced them, it becomes apparent that all the writers discussed here produce a different epistemological map to describe the territory they inhabit. It becomes apparent that, far from there being a stable narrative of how cybernetics came into being, we see a number of overlapping, entangled and conflicting claims, which in their articulation, produce this discourse.

It is a terrain in which the different protagonists look forward to different horizons and back to different paths of entry. The protagonists in The Fabulous Loop de Loop all adjust to the implications of an epistemological shift. They speak of its past and speculate on its future. They speak from different disciplines as engineers, philosophers, anthropologists, experimental psychologists, psychoanalysts, artists and writers. All of them attempt to accommodate the implications of a new conception of negative entropy, as the model of the regulation and conservation of energy (entropy) shifts to a model of the distribution of information (negative entropy).

To some the news comes as a revelation: Samuel Butler recognises the equivalence between mind and matter; Gregory Bateson develops a wholistic cybernetic meta-theory. To others it comes as a shock: Lacan recognises that the Freudian scheme of dynamic psychology needs to be rebuilt from its foundations; William Burroughs understands that literature is revealed as a code that can be scrambled and mixed with other media (that noise can constitute signal). All are dealing with the same set of premises and yet all describe a different reality. Here I stress the performativity of this discourse as it feeds information about itself into itself to allow adaptation.

This mention of "performativity" speaks to a contemporary discourse, which cybernetics helped to establish. In The Fabulous Loop de Loop I do not introduce contemporary commentary and analysis directly into the text, although my tools of interpretation in the Fabulous Loop de Loop are contemporary (I draw on the theoretical models used by Katherine N. Hayles, Lydia H. Liu, John Johnston and Friedrich A. Kittler, for instance) the Fabulous Loop de Loop does not give explicit reference to them (although they are always appropriately cited). I have put space aside in A Parallel Text for this.

A Parallel Text is one stage of abstraction removed from The Fabulous Loop de Loop. It extends the discourse into the contemporary realm. Here I take the opportunity to reflect on more recent analysis of the shifting terrain of this discourse.

DISCOURSE NETWORKS 1800/1900

I also take time to consider issues which are outside the range of The Fabulous Loop de Loop itself. These include: cybernetics as an instrument of political reason in the post WWII era and the influence of cybernetics on “post-modern/ post-structuralist” theory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY–FABULOUS LOOP DE LOOP

A PARALLEL TEXT

A Parallel Text runs throughout the The Fabulous Loop de Loop. Here I aim to situate the The Fabulous Loop de Loop within a broader historical and critical context. Parallel Text comprises a series of essays, annotations, extracts and notes. Links to A Parallel Text are provided in the margins of The Fabulous Loop de Loop.

Chapter Outline ←

→ The Vapour Engine

CREDITS

Written by: Steve Rushton

Editorial design: Simon Browne and Steve Rushton

Machine Illustrations: Simon Browne

Text edits: Sol Archer

Wiki Support: Manetta Berends and Andre Castro

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project has its beginnings in the Signal:Noise events at The Showroom, London (2011-12). I extend heartfelt thanks for the inspiration and encouragement I received from Rod Dickinson, Emily Pethick and Marina Vishmidt, who through many hours of conversation helped me organise my scattered thoughts and locate where the pulse of cybernetics beats for me.

In the early stages I also recived invaluable support from David Reinfurt and Stuart Bertolotti-Bailey, who published a series of articles in Dot Dot Dot (2011) in which I developed the epistemological groundwork for this text.

Francis McKee also helped me develop my ideas further, his ability to find material connections which were previously opaque and his generosity as a reader helped this project get a little further off the ground.

This text began as a PhD project in 2011 and my thanks go to Yasco Horsman and Frans Willem Korsten for their extreme patience and useful feedback at a stage when less expert eyes would have found the text unreadable. They helped give form and direction to an inchoate ramble.

Many thanks to Aymeric Mansoux who suggested I host this project on the Xpub server.

The staff and students on the Piet Zwart Institute’s Lens-based and Xpub masters (Rotterdam) have informed the methods employed in making this wiki (the practices of collective annotation and notation, which we have developed over the years, the day-to-day use of the wiki as a platform for a writing practice, are knitted into the fabric of this text). Key to the development of this discourse have been Marloes de Valk and Natasha Soobramanien, my fellow writing tutors at the Piet Zwart Institute. My discussions with them have been inspiring.

Many thanks also to Kate Briggs for her generous and insightful feedback on sections of the text.

My correspondence and discussion with these people gives the lie to the claim that writing can ever be a solitary activity, particularly in a culture where technologies like Wikimedia and the etherpad compel cooperative thinking and notation ("codependent publishing"). I hope that this wiki will provide some basis for an ongoing discussion about the substance of the text and also about the potential of the wiki as a site for research cultures.

The first and last thanks go to Anke Bangma whose support has been intense and unfailing over the years it has taken me to put this text together.

Floop2

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 [[File:Floop_user_guide.png|600px|center|link=]]
-==THE FABULOUS LOOP de LOOP==
-Cybernetics, in its contemporary sense, came into existence when the traditional notion of feedback loops, which has its origins in engineering (as performed by Ktesibios’ water clock or Watt’s steam engine) was bound to the modern concept of information (that the meaning and context of a message are not connected and that information can be measured in a binary unit). The two disciplines were later brought together into the term Information Theory and were simultaneously theorised by Norbert Wiener and Claude Shannon.
-Cybernetics was practiced and theorised in a number of research cultures, to begin with principally for the U. S. military in the 1930s and 40s, and later in a wide variety of contexts. Post WWII, cybernetic ideas impacted society on all levels, politically, culturally, militarily, scientifically, even as its institutional presence dissipated at the end of the 1960s.
+==METHODOLOGY==
+The Fabulous Loop de Loop examines a discourse of cybernetics as it developed over a century.
+On reading these various texts, and sticking as closely as possible to the context which produced them, it becomes apparent that all the writers discussed here produce a different epistemological map to describe the territory they inhabit. It becomes apparent that, far from there being a stable narrative of how cybernetics came into being, we see a number of overlapping, entangled and conflicting claims, which in their articulation, ''produce'' this discourse.
+It is a terrain in which the different protagonists look forward to different horizons and back to different paths of entry. The protagonists in The Fabulous Loop de Loop all adjust to the implications of an epistemological shift. They speak of its past and speculate on its future. They speak from different disciplines as engineers, philosophers, anthropologists, experimental psychologists, psychoanalysts, artists and writers. All of them attempt to accommodate the implications of a new conception of negative entropy, as the model of the regulation and conservation of energy (entropy) shifts to a model of the distribution of information (negative entropy).
+To some the news comes as a revelation: Samuel Butler recognises the equivalence between mind and matter; Gregory Bateson develops a wholistic cybernetic meta-theory. To others it comes as a shock: Lacan recognises that the Freudian scheme of dynamic psychology needs to be rebuilt from its foundations; William Burroughs understands that literature is revealed as a code that can be scrambled and mixed with other media (that noise can constitute signal). All are dealing with the same set of premises and yet all describe a different reality. Here I stress the performativity of this discourse as it feeds information about itself into itself to allow adaptation.
+This mention of "performativity" speaks to a contemporary discourse, which cybernetics helped to establish. In The Fabulous Loop de Loop I do not introduce contemporary commentary and analysis directly into the text, although my tools of interpretation in the Fabulous Loop de Loop are contemporary (I draw on the theoretical models used by Katherine N. Hayles, Lydia H. Liu, John Johnston and Friedrich A. Kittler, for instance) the Fabulous Loop de Loop does not give explicit reference to them (although they are always appropriately cited).  I have put space aside in A Parallel Text for this.
+A <span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[:Category:Parallel Text|Parallel Text]]</span> is one stage of abstraction removed from The Fabulous Loop de Loop. It extends the discourse into the contemporary realm.  Here I take the opportunity to reflect on more recent analysis of the shifting terrain of this discourse.<p class="floop-link" id="DISCOURSE_NETWORKS_1800/1900">[[DISCOURSE NETWORKS 1800/1900]]</p><br>
+I also take time to consider issues which are outside the range of The Fabulous Loop de Loop itself. These include: cybernetics as an instrument of political reason in the post WWII era and the influence of cybernetics on “post-modern/ post-structuralist” theory.
+<p class="floop-link" id="BIBLIOGRAPHY–FABULOUS_LOOP_DE_LOOP">[[BIBLIOGRAPHY–FABULOUS LOOP DE LOOP]]</p>
-The key principles outlined in Behavior, Purpose and Teleology by Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener and Julian Bigelow (1942) and A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity by Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts (1943), along with the information theory of Claude Shannon (1947) provided a frame that allowed for the equivalence between mechanical and biological systems.
+===A PARALLEL TEXT===
+<p class="image-body">[[File:FloopGuide2Para.png|300px]]</p>
-The first cybernetic creatures (such as those built by Grey Walter and Ross Ashby), self-organised and adapted to their environment, providing models for the workings of the nervous system of animals and humans. If behaviour in both animal and machine is regulated by information flows through a circuit, both might also be understood as ordered through stochastic processes, performing computational acts. This was understood as an expression of negative entropy.
+A <span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[:Category:Parallel Text|Parallel Text]]</span> runs throughout the The Fabulous Loop de Loop. Here I aim to situate the The Fabulous Loop de Loop within a broader historical and critical context.<span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[:Category:Parallel Text| Parallel Text]]</span> comprises a series of essays, annotations, extracts and notes.
+Links to <span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[:Category:Parallel Text|A Parallel Text]]</span> are provided in the margins of The Fabulous Loop de Loop.
-The texts examined in The Fabulous Loop de Loop contributed to the constitution of a new discourse which sought to accommodate the implications of an epistemology of circular causality:  Lacan to psychoanalysis;  Burroughs to literature; the Radical Software group to art and (media) ecology. This epistemological shift did not come over night, I also examine the development of this discourse from the nineteenth century with reading of the work of Samual Butler and, as we approach the era of cybernetics, the work of William Bateson and Kenneth Craik, who prepare the ground for a group of thinkers who were central to the development of a discourse on cybernetics in the middle of the twentieth century.
+<div class="chapter-links">
+<div class="previous-chapter">[[Chapter Outline| Chapter Outline ←]]</div>
+<div class="next-chapter">[[The Vapour Engine|→ The Vapour Engine]]</div>
+</div>
-The polymath Gregory Bateson wrote in parallel with many of these thinkers. Bateson was a central figure in realizing the Macy Conferences on cybernetics (1946-1953). He was a central figure in reforms to psychiatric practice in the 1950s and was a central intellectual force within the ecology and counterculture movements of the 1960s and 1970s. Throughout his career Bateson developed an holistic cybernetic epistemology. Key texts by Bateson, dating from the mid 1930s to the 1970s, will be held as companion stars to the authors listed above. I aim to provide a very slim cross section which describes the institution of a broader cybernetic discourse.
+===CREDITS===
-This text is concerned with the way ideas can travel from one discursive space to another. Bateson displays the protean nature of cybernetic ideas more effectively than any other thinker. Bateson repeatedly draws our attention to an “outmoded epistemology” in which the nineteenth century energy model reaches the point of exhaustion. This, Bateson argues, must be replaced by an “ecology of mind” in which negative entropy is the central agent; in which individual choice provides “the difference that makes a difference”. Bateson transits from one epistemological sphere to another without significant violence to reason.
+Written by: Steve Rushton
+Editorial design: Simon Browne and Steve Rushton
-STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT
+Machine Illustrations: Simon Browne
-The Fabulous Loop de Loop comprises nineteen chapters. Each chapter examines attempts – from the 1870s to the 1970s – to narrate a new system of knowledge in which the discourse of energy is replaced by the discourse of information.
+Text edits: Sol Archer
-Central to cybernetics was a reassessment of how change and adaptation occur across a wide variety of disciplines such as physics, biology, evolution and ecology. This re-evaluation also reached deep into the humanities, making claims on the discourses of anthropology, psychology, psychoanalysis, aesthetics and sociology.
+Wiki Support: Manetta Berends and Andre Castro
-I use the term “a” cybernetic discourse to make clear that The Fabulous Loop de Loop describes the site of an epistemological struggle. The term “cybernetics” is far from stable. In The Fabulous Loop de Loop we will see how different thinkers draw on different elements of the past to establish new foundations and project into different imagined futures.
+===ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS===
-The Fabulous Loop de Loop explores this contested space through seven “feedback machines”. Each machine expresses negative entropy – in so far as they take information from their environment in order to adjust and adapt. The examination of these machines leads us to texts by writers who struggle with the implications of this epistemological shift (from the speculative theories of Samuel Butler, through the “new” psychanalysis of Jacques Lacan, to the countercultures of William Burroughs and video activists Radical Software).
+This project has its beginnings in the ''Signal:Noise'' events at The Showroom, London (2011-12).
+I extend heartfelt thanks for the inspiration and encouragement I received from Rod Dickinson, Emily Pethick and Marina Vishmidt,  who through many hours of conversation helped me organise my scattered thoughts and locate  where the pulse of cybernetics beats for me.
-The Fabulous Loop de Loop is built from these elements:
+In the early stages I also recived invaluable support from David Reinfurt and Stuart Bertolotti-Bailey, who published a series of articles in ''Dot Dot Dot'' (2011) in which I developed the epistemological groundwork for this text.
-# [[Chapter Outline]]
+Francis McKee also helped me develop my ideas further, his ability to find material connections which were previously opaque and his generosity as a reader helped this project get a little further off the ground.
-# [[Introduction:_The_Foundations_of_Cybernetic_Discourse| Introduction]]
-# [[Main_Page| The Machines]]
-# [[A Parallel Text| A Parallel Text]]
-===A PARALLEL TEXT===
+This text began as a PhD project in 2011 and my thanks go to Yasco Horsman and Frans Willem Korsten for their ''extreme'' patience and useful feedback at a stage when less expert eyes would have found the text unreadable. They helped give form and direction to an inchoate ramble.
-[[File:FloopGuide2Para.png|400px|thumb]]
-A <span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[A Parallel Text|Parallel Text]]</span> runs throughout the The Fabulous Loop de Loop. The text helps situate the The Fabulous Loop de Loop within a broader historical and critical context.<span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[A Parallel Text| Parallel Text]]</span> comprises a series of essays, annotations, extracts and notes which embed the Fabulous Loop de Loop in a broader context.
+Many thanks to Aymeric Mansoux  who suggested I host this project on the Xpub server.
-Links to <span style="font-family: 'Arial', sans-serif;">[[A Parallel Text|A Parallel Text]]</span> are provided in the margins of The Fabulous Loop de Loop.
+The staff and students on the Piet Zwart Institute’s Lens-based and Xpub masters (Rotterdam) have informed the methods employed in making this wiki (the practices of collective annotation and notation, which we have developed over the years, the day-to-day use of the wiki as a platform for a writing practice, are knitted into the fabric of this text). Key to the development of this discourse have been Marloes de Valk and Natasha Soobramanien, my fellow writing tutors at the Piet Zwart Institute. My discussions with them have been inspiring.
+Many thanks also to Kate Briggs for her generous and insightful feedback on sections of the text.
-==METHODOLOGY==
+My correspondence and discussion with these people gives the lie to the claim that writing can ever be a solitary activity, particularly in a culture where technologies like Wikimedia and the etherpad compel cooperative thinking and notation ("codependent publishing").  I hope that this wiki will provide some basis for an ongoing discussion about the substance of the text and also about the potential of the wiki as a site for research cultures.
-In The Fabulous Loop de Loop I do not introduce contemporary commentary and analysis of this discourse. Although my tools of interpretation in the Fabulous loop de Loop are contemporary – I draw on the theoretical models used by Katherine N. Hayles, Lydia H. Liu, John Johnston and Friedrich A. Kittler, for instance – the Fabulous Loop de Loop does not give explicit reference to them (although they are always appropriately cited).  I have put space aside in A Parallel Text for this.
+The first and last thanks go to Anke Bangma whose support has been intense and unfailing over the years it has taken me to put this text together.
-A Parallel Text is one stage of abstraction removed from The Fabulous Loop de Loop. It extends the discourse into the contemporary realm.  Here I take the opportunity to reflect on more recent analysis of the shifting terrain of this discourse. I also take time to consider issues which are outside the range of The Fabulous Loop de Loop itself. These include: cybernetics as an instrument of political reason in the post WWII era and the influence of cybernetics on “post-modern/ post-structuralist” theory.
-The Fabulous Loop de Loop examines a discourse of cybernetics as it developed over a century.
-On reading these various texts, and sticking as closely as possible to the context which produced them, it becomes apparent that all the writers discussed here produce a different epistemological map to describe the territory they inhabit. It becomes apparent that, far from there being a stable narrative of how cybernetics came into being, we see a number of overlapping, entangled and conflicting claims, which in their articulation, ''produce'' this discourse.
-The discourse provides a diverse topology which is contently changing. It is a terrane in which the different protagonists look toward different horizons and look back to different paths of entry. The protagonists in The Fabulous Loop de Loop all adjust to the implications of an epistemological shift. They speak of its past and speculate on its future. They speak from different disciplines as engineers, philosophers, anthropologists, experimental psychologists, psychoanalysts, artists and writers. All of them attempt to accommodate the implications of a new conception of negative entropy, as the model of the regulation and conservation of energy (entropy) shifts to a model of the distribution of information (negative entropy).
-To some the news comes as a revelation: Samual Butler recognises the equivalence between mind and matter; Gregory Bateson develops a wholistic cybernetic meta-theory. To others it comes as a shock: Lacan recognises that the Freudian scheme of dynamic psychology needs to be rebuilt from its foundations; William Burroughs understands that literature is revealed as a code that can be scrambled and mixed with other media (that noise can constitute information). All are dealing with the same set of premises and yet all describe a different reality. Here I stress the performativity of this discourse as it feeds information about itself into itself to allow adaptation.
+[[Floop2]]